Technical manual v5 (ports)

V5 legacy 3-wire ports are supplied with voltage of 5V and have total maximum current limit of 2A shared between 8 ports (https://www.vexrobotics.com/v5-architecture.html#3-wire)

V5 smart ports, I believe, are 12V and have max current limit of 2.5A per motor or 20A/number_of_motors when you have more than 8 motors connected. That is likely enforced both by the motor firmware and eFuse on a V5 power distribution board.

Additional information regarding connecting third-party electronic components to V5 could be found in these threads: